White clover is a key component of NZ pastoral systems because of its high feed value, warm season growth and ability to fix nitrogen.

 

White clover is more difficult to establish in a pasture than grass. Care needs to be taken with soil fertility, sowing technique and cultivar choice. Clover content is also greatly influenced by on-going pasture management.

 

Soil fertility

Correct soil fertility is essential. Clover is sensitive to soil pH, growing best at 5.8-6.2. Ensure adequate levels of phosphate, sulphur and molybdenum. If lack of clover is on-going, herbage testing of any clover plants present can help provide answers.

 

Establishment

Careful establishment will help white clover thrive.

It has a small seed, requires shallow sowing (<5 mm), and is frequently sown too deep. Drilling ryegrass and clover in the same row through a coulter drill means competition from the faster establishing ryegrass suppresses clover (see graph below). Where possible don’t sow ryegrass and clover together in rows. If cultivating, roller drills are ideal. If your drill (or your contractor's) has a separate small seed box, one option is to order your clover seed separately, sow it through this, then roll.

 

Sowing method and clover

In this trial white clover and ryegrass were sown using three widely used methods. Nine months after sowing, broadcasting white clover seed gave on average 20% more clover in the pasture than drilling with ryegrass in a row.

 

White clover and ryegrass DM yields from different sowing methods

 

Maintaining good clover 

Once established, white clover will perform best under rotational grazing, so it is frequently exposed to sunlight not shaded out under high grass covers. White clover is also preferentially grazed by stock, so continuous set- stocking often leads to over grazing and reduced clover levels.

 

Cultivar choice

We recommend two main clover mixes, one for dairy and cattle grazing, the other for sheep and deer. These both contain cultivars of two leaf sizes, to provide greater adaptability to climate, topography or management.

 

Kotuku/Ruru - Dairy/beef

This is a high yielding combination, performing well across a range of conditions. Kotuku, with its large leaf, fast establishment, and high summer and autumn growth, is complemented by Ruru, which has a medium leaf, high stolon density, early growth and persistence.